AACVOX: mobile application for augmentative alternative communication to help people with speech disorder and motor impairment

AbstractIntroduction: Communication is a fundamental element for the development of human beings, promoting their coexistence in society. However, changes in muscle tone, associated with cerebral palsy (CP), among other conditions, cause phono-articulatory dysfunctions hindering speech capabilities. Although there are resources for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), most of them do not completely satisfy the needs of individuals with motor impairment. Therefore, this study proposes a tool based on mobile technology for AAC, which can be adapted to the characteristics of the motor limitations of CP users. Methods Mobile system development was conducted employing user-centered design and development methods. Functions were developed allowing the communication of phrases through pictographic resources and a mechanism of speech synthesis, that can be customized according to specific communication needs. To validate this system, 20 CP volunteers with speech difficulties and motor impairment were recruited from two institutions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. They operated the system following a pre-defined test protocol, and they answered a system usability scale (SUS) questionnaire, to rate the ease of learning, memorization, efficiency, occurrence of runtime errors, and the level of user satisfaction. Results The results showed a score of 85.85 ± 2.28 above the average SUS scale, for each one of the quality components assessed by the volunteers. Conclusion The developed software is user-friendly, representing a new option for AAC, and is customized according to the communication needs of people with speech disorder and motor impairment.

Otimização dos parâmetros de exposição radiográfica através de método computacional para aquisição de imagens de boa qualidade para diagnóstico / A computer-aided method to optimize radiographic exposure parameters to acquire better quality images for diagnosis

Falhas na execução de uma imagem radiográfica ou durante o processamento dos filmes geram interpretações errôneas, repetição do exame, maior exposição dos pacientes à radiação, além de aumentar o tempo clínico e os custos. A seleção correta dos parâmetros de exposição radiográfica proporciona a aquisição de imagens radiográficas com contraste, nitidez, detalhes, densidade óptica e definição das estruturas anatômicas para a realização de laudos radiográficos confiáveis. Assim sendo, neste artigo é apresentado um método computacional que pode auxiliar na seleção dos parâmetros de exposição mais apropriados para um dado exame radiográfico. As densidades ópticas foram simuladas considerando a composição e a espessura dos tecidos da estrutura anatômica, as características do aparelho de raios  X e do sistema écran-filme e os parâmetros de exposição otimizados conforme regras encontradas na literatura. Cinco radiologistas experientes avaliaram imagens radiográficas adquiridas de simuladores antropomórficos com parâmetros de exposição sugeridos pelo método computacional desenvolvido e também parâmetros encontrados na literatura. Após analisarem o contraste (diferença de densidade óptica em áreas adjacentes) e a nitidez (presença de detalhes visíveis tais como linhas estruturais finas, bordas de tecidos ou estruturas de interesse diagnóstico), os radiologistas opinaram que as imagens adquiridas com os parâmetros de exposição sugeridos pelo método computacional proposto proporcionaram um bom diagnóstico. Além disso, os valores de densidade óptica medidos nas imagens radiográficas numa posição correspondente ao centro do campo de radiação também apresentaram uma boa correlação com aqueles calculados pelo método, em torno de 90%. Este método pode se tornar também um valioso recurso didático para treinamento de novos profissionais para o setor radiológico.

Radiographic images of good quality allow adequate diagnosis. However imperfections in the selection process of exposure parameters, or during the film processing, generate erroneous interpretations or exam repetition, resulting in major exposure of patients to the radiation, and increasing the clinical time and costs. This article presents a computer method that helps the choice of better exposure parameters. The optical densities had been simulated taking into account tissue composition and thickness of the anatomical structure, characteristics of the X-ray equipment and screen-film system, and radiographic exposure parameters optimized according to rules found in literature. Five experienced radiologists evaluated the radiographic images obtained from anthropomorphic phantoms with the exposure parameters suggested by proposed method (named MD), and also with others parameters found in literature. After analyzing the image contrast and sharpness, they declared that the MD images provide a good diagnosis. Besides, the optical density values measured in these radiographic images on the position corresponding to the center of radiation field presented a good agreement (correlation of 90%) with those values calculated by the proposed method. This method can also become a valuable didactic resource for training of new professionals for the radiological sector.